Skip to primary navigation Skip to content Skip to footer
Back to Tall Bloke Adventures Blog

Ullswater Place Names: Their Origins and Stories

Two people kayaking on a lake surrounded by mountains under a blue sky with a few clouds.

Ullswater is just a nice place to spend some time. Paddling along, enjoying the views, contemplating the sheer history of all the different peoples who called it home and left the place names that we use today. Water, rock, light, and weather dominate, but almost every feature carries a name whose origin has been shaped by centuries of settlement.

The lake itself is usually understood as Old Norse — likely “Ulf’s water,” from a personal name attached to a body of water.

The word Cumbria shares the same root as Cymru (the Welsh name for Wales). Both derive from the Brittonic word “Combrogi,” which means “fellow-countrymen” or “compatriots.”

The Oldest Layer: Brittonic North

Some high and dominant features preserve Cumbric roots.

  • Helvellyn – From Brittonic hal (moor) and melyn (yellow). It likely translates to “Yellow Moor,” describing the high, pale upland grasses.

  • Blencathra –From Cumbric blaen (summit) and cadair (chair). This “Seat of the Summit” perfectly describes the mountain’s iconic saddle-like shape.

  • Penrith –Derived from Cumbric Pen (head/end) and Rhyd (ford). It signifies the “head of the ford” over the River Eamont.

The Celtic mindset was descriptive, naming land for appearance or function — practical for travellers, herders, and villagers. Rivers, such as the Eamont, often retain these early names because hydronyms are conservative.

The Story of Why the Uplands Sound Norse

By the early 900s, groups of Norse settlers began arriving in Cumbria from Ireland, the Isle of Man, and the Irish Sea region. Many were Hiberno‑Norse, Norse who had lived for generations in Ireland and often mixed with the Gaelic population. Their arrival in this region is closely linked to the expulsion of the Norse from Dublin in 902 AD, when the long‑established Norse kingdom of Dublin was overthrown by a coalition of Irish kings.

The Norse in Dublin had been both rulers and traders, but over time they became increasingly entwined in Irish politics, warfare, and alliances. When the coalition of Irish kings forced them out, they lost their political base and were left with few options. Many crossed the Irish Sea seeking new lands and grazing ground, turning to places like Cumbria, Lancashire, and the Wirral where they could establish communities and livestock economies.

Norse‑Gaels — people of mixed Norse and Gaelic heritage — also arrived, fluent in both languages and blending cultural practices. They left their mark in upland place‑names:

  • Fell (fjall) – mountain

  • Dale (dalr) – valley

  • Beck (bekkr) – stream

  • How (haugr) – mound or hill

  • Thwaite (þveit) – clearing

  • Hause – mountain pass

While the Celts named descriptively, the Norse often emphasized ownership or association, reflecting social organization and grazing management.

Settlement Patterns and Language

The Norse‑speaking settlers did not occupy the best lowland arable estates, which were already controlled by Anglo‑Saxons or earlier Brittonic communities. Instead, they settled uplands, valleys, and marginal pastures — the fells, ridges, and side valleys — areas suitable for grazing sheep and cattle in a transhumant system. As a result, Norse or Norse‑Gaelic terminology dominates the upland landscape.

Streams, Valleys, and Waterfalls

  • Glencoyne – “Glen” traces to a Gaelic term for valley; “Coyne” likely preserves an older Celtic river name, making this a hybrid.

  • Patterdale – Norse dalr (valley) combined with what is often interpreted as a Christian personal name (Patrick).

  • Aira Force – “Force” from Old Norse foss, the word for waterfall.

  • Angle Tarn – “Tarn” from Old Norse tjörn, a mountain pool or small lake; “Angle” likely describes its shape.

  • Glenridding Dodd – “Dodd” is used locally for a rounded hill; from Norse doddr, meaning a smooth‑contoured summit.

  • Catsycam – likely Norse in origin; local oral forms suggest “cat’s ridge,” though exact etymology is uncertain.

Roman Roads and Movement

High Street preserves an English term for a Roman route along the ridge. Here, infrastructure, reuse, and naming combine: Roman construction, English descriptor, later pastoral use.

Nearby Settlements

Settlements around Ullswater reflect both the people who lived there and how the land was used:

  • Patterdale – Norse dalr + possibly Christian personal name (Patrick), “Patrick’s valley.”

  • Hartsop – Norse hjǫrtr (deer) + hop (enclosed valley), “deer enclosure.”

  • Pooley Bridge – English, “bridge over the pool,” reflecting practical estate mapping.

  • Glenridding – Gaelic glen + ridding (clearing), “cleared valley.”

  • Martindale – Old English/Norse hybrid, “Martin’s valley.”

  • Thornthwaite – Norse þveit (clearing) + “thorn,” describing vegetation.

  • Askham – Old English, “ash tree homestead.”

  • Howtown – Norse haugr (hill/mound) + English “town.”

  • Sandwick – Old Norse sand + vik (bay/inlet), “sandy bay.”

  • Dockray – Possibly from Old Norse dokk (hollow) and vrá (nook), meaning “the nook in the hollow.”

Reading the Landscape

From Pooley Bridge up to Place Fell, through Glencoyne, along Goldrill Beck, past Aira Force and Angle Tarn, up to Glenridding Dodd, Boredale Hause, and Catsycam, you cross centuries of settlement history.

  • Uplands speak Norse — often Hiberno‑Norse or Norse‑Gaelic.

  • Lowlands and valley floors speak English, often descriptive.

  • Highest summits and rivers whisper Cumbric, the oldest layer.

Each name — fell, dale, beck, tarn, dodd, hause, or town — records who used the land and how. Celts described what they saw; the Norse claimed what they could use.

Origins of Ullswater’s Shepherding Language

Life Cycle: Female Terms (Lamb to Mature Ewe)

Gimmer

  • Meaning: A young female sheep in her first year before having her first lamb. (A female sheep is strictly called a Gimmer—or a Gimmer Shearling in her second year—and only officially becomes a Ewe once she has given birth to her first lamb).

  • Origin: Old Norse (gimbr — a year-old ewe lamb).

Gimmer Shearling

  • Meaning: A young female sheep between her first and second shearing (roughly 1 to 2 years old) that has not yet lambed.

  • Origin: Old English (sceran — to shear + -ling).

Yow

  • Meaning: Northern Cumbrian dialect for an adult female sheep (ewe) that has produced at least one lamb.

  • Origin: Old English (eowu — ewe).

Draft Ewe (or Cast Ewe)

  • Meaning: An older hill ewe (usually 5 to 7 years old) that is “drafted” off the harsh fell top and sold at auction to lowland farms where conditions are milder for her remaining years.

  • Origin: Old English (dragan — to draw or pull out from the main herd).

Life Cycle: Male Terms (Lamb to Mature Ram / Castrate)

Tup

  • Meaning: An uncastrated male sheep (ram) kept for breeding the flock.

  • Origin: Old Norse (toppr — a crest, tuft, or head).

Wether

  • Meaning: A castrated male sheep, raised either for wool or sold as a store lamb for meat.

  • Origin: Old English (weðer — ram or castrated ram).

Dinmont

  • Meaning: A male sheep (usually a wether) between its first and second shearing.

  • Origin: Anglo-Norman French (dent monté — rising tooth, referring to the first permanent adult incisors coming in).

Rig (or Riggit)

  • Meaning: A male sheep with an undescended or partially descended testicle (a cryptorchid ram), making him impossible to castrate normally.

  • Origin: Old English (ryge / rigge — back or ridge, referring to the spine or posture of the animal).

Life Cycle: General & Age Terms (Either Sex)

Hogg (or Hogget)

  • Meaning: A young sheep of either sex between weaning in its first autumn and its first shearing (roughly 6 to 18 months old).

  • Origin: Old Norse / Middle English (hǫggva — to cut or separate from the main flock).

Store

  • Meaning: An unfinished young lamb that lacks sufficient slaughter fat and is sold at sales (like Penrith Mart) to lowland farmers for further feeding and fattening.

  • Origin: Old French / Middle English (estor / store — provision or stock kept for future use).

Shearling

  • Meaning: Any sheep of either sex that has been shorn once (between 1 and 2 years old).

  • Origin: Old English (sceran — to shear + -ling).

Twinters & Trinters

  • Meaning: Dialect terms for a sheep that has survived two (Twinters) or three (Trinters) winters on the fells.

  • Origin: Old Norse / Old English (tveir vetr / þrír vetr — two/three winters).

Breeds & Crosses

Herdwick

  • Meaning: The iconic, grey, white-faced sheep breed native to the high central and western Lake District fells.

  • Origin: Old Norse (hjörð — herd + vík — farmstead; literally “sheep farm”).

Mule

  • Meaning: A highly popular crossbred sheep produced by mating a hill ewe (Swaledale or Cheviot) with a Bluefaced Leicester ram (e.g., North of England Mule).

  • Origin: Latin / Old French (mulus — a hybrid crossbreed).

Swaledale

  • Meaning: The black-faced, horned hill breed native to the North Pennines and East Cumbria, widely crossed to produce Mules.

  • Origin: Old Norse (Sualu — swallow/swift river + dalr — valley).

Shelters & Dry Stone Structures

Stell

  • Meaning: A high-walled circular or geometric dry stone structure built out on the open fell to gather and shelter sheep during severe winter storms.

  • Origin: Old English / Old Norse (steall / stallr — stall or place of shelter).

Bield

  • Meaning: Any stone shelter, windbreak, or wall built on the mountain to shield sheep from driving rain and blizzards (including three-pronged cross stells).

  • Origin: Old English (bélde / býld — comfort, refuge, or confidence).

Intake

  • Meaning: The enclosed field running along the lower mountain slope, bounded by a long stone wall separating the high fell from valley fields.

  • Origin: Old Norse / Middle English (intak — land “taken in” from the wild moor for farming).

Shepherding & Landscape Terms

Heaf / Heft

  • Meaning: The unfenced area of open mountain where a specific flock instinctively stays without wandering, passed down from ewe to lamb.

  • Origin: Old Norse (hefð — custom, habit, or right of long usage).

Smit

  • Meaning: The bright paint mark applied to a sheep’s fleece to identify farm ownership on open common land.

  • Origin: Old Norse (smitta — to stain or smear).

Lug Mark

  • Meaning: Distinctive notches, crops, or slits cut into a sheep’s ear (lug) to identify the farm if fleece paint washes off.

  • Origin: Old Norse (llag — forelock/hair + merki — mark).

In-Bye

  • Meaning: Fertile, stone-walled fields on the valley floor near the farmhouse, reserved for lambing and hay making.

  • Origin: Middle English / Old Norse (in + býr — farmstead or village).

Out-By

  • Meaning: The high, open grazing ground above the intake wall.

  • Origin: Middle English / Old Norse (out + býr — farmstead).

Yan, Tan, Tethera

  • Meaning: The traditional sheep-counting words for 1, 2, 3 used by northern shepherds.

Origin: Cumbric (Celtic) — ancient Brythonic Celtic language of Cumbria, closely related to modern Welsh (un, dau, tri).

Of the many aspects that I enjoy about paddling along in a kayak, learning about the people who have passed through the area in the preceding centuries is one of my favourites. The origins and stories of places around Ullswater and many other locations is always a good place to start researching to discover who was there, what did they do and how does the present reflect the past.

Previous Post Next Post